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with a rock

  • 1 Á

    * * *
    a negative suffix to verbs, not;
    era útmakligt, at it is not unmeet that.
    * * *
    1.
    á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially, [Goth. ana; Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid n is absorbed. In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases, e. g. ‘along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone, askew, aside, astray, awry,’ etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as ‘o boke, o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,’ etc., v. the glossary; and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bible) and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen and ongean (again, against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English a- as well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronounced au or ow, which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England. In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon; see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. á denotes the surface or outside; í and ór the inside; at, til, and frá, nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the Gr. επί; the Lat. in includes á and i together.]
    With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion of motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.
    WITH DAT.
    A. Loc.
    I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the floor, Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á palli, 50; á steini, 108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and land. In some instances the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus ‘á bók’ merely denotes the letters, the penmanship, ‘í’ the contents of a book; mod. usage, however, prefers ‘í,’ lesa í bók, but stafr á bók. Old writers on the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24, but í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum, by Bede), cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at; á bréfi, the contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höfði, sverð á hlið, mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á sér, on one’s person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hanging on (i. e. fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be present at a meeting; í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni, á jörðu, on (Engl. in) heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord’s Prayer, but í helviti, in hell; á Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and cargo, ‘í’ the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385; vera í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad in a wood (of a hunter, robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timber), í skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Landn. 173; á mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðinum means lying in a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær eyjar liggja á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a district named Firth; á landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386.
    II. á is commonly used in connection with the pr. names or countries terminating in ‘land,’ Engl. in, á Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínlandi, Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi, Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in modern authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide. An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, ‘á Englandi,’ ruling over, but to live ‘í Englandi,’ or ‘á Englandi;’ the rule in the last case not being quite fixed.
    2. in connection with other names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum, all districts of Norway, v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., á Fjóni (a Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (á Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs. 13).
    3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and spaces (not too high, because then ‘at’ must be used), such as ‘staðr, völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,’ etc.; á Veggjum, Landn. 69; á Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in ‘-staðr,’ á Geirmundarstöðum, Þórisstöðum, Jarðlangsstöðum…, Landn.: ‘-völlr,’ á Möðruvöllum: á Fitjum (the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) á Aski (the farm), Landn., Eg.: ‘-nes’ sometimes takes á, sometimes í (in mod. usage always ‘í’), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in the last case the notion of island, νησος, prevails: so also, ‘fjörðr,’ as, þeir börðust á Vigrafirði (of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði, 122: with ‘-bær,’ á is used in the sense of a farm or estate, hón sa á e-m bæ mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; ‘í bæ’ means within doors, of the buildings: with ‘Bær’ as pr. name Landn. uses ‘í,’ 71, 160, 257, 309, 332.
    4. denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regarding the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; sól á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11.
    III. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an acc., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or á e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þá stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed the king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka á e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u, id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).
    B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in:
    I. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, degi, nætrþeli …, Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject., á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því ári, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri …, during, in that year …, Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fms. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a month’s delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs … aldri, á barns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of …, v. aldr: á dögum e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fms. ix. 229.
    II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; á várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, summer …, in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánuði, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89.
    III. of duration; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nóttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time, in the meantime, Grág. i. 259.
    IV. connected with the seasons (á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), ‘á’ denotes the next preceding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in such instances ‘á’ denotes the past, ‘at’ the future, ‘í’ the present; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri, last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.
    C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon, in, to, with, towards, against:
    I. denoting object, in respect of, against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, under one’s protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be proud of, to take pride in a thing, 127.
    2. denoting a personal relation, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i. e. to one personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one; hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love ( hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one’s person, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on the person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in one’s face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þín er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum, at …, it could soon be seen in all her doings, that …, Ld. 22.
    3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeasure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt …, it could hardly be seen in his face, whether …, Eb. 42; líkindi eru á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over …, Nj. 10.
    II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fimtardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to …, Nj. 231; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one’s hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, term, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á fé, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in several passages.
    III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, honum …, denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera þungr, léttr … á sér, to be heavy or light, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a gay and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á sér, he looked as if, … the expression of his face was as though …, Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, æði, sið, of one’s manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, or the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy ( slow) of foot, Nj. 258.
    IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronoun connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as my hands, eyes, head … are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, fætr … á mér; so ‘í’ is used of the internal parts, e. g. hjarta, bein … í mér; the eyes are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possessive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á e-m, one’s breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it smarts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands, Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harðr í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) á fingrum, höndum, fótum …, cold ( warm) in the fingers, hands, feet …, i. e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir á honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns, the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e. g. mitt hjarta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of ‘warumb betrübst du dich mein Herz?’ the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popular hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or the like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is ‘í mér,’ not ‘mitt.’
    2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part belonging to the whole, e. g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the house-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, árar … á skipi, the stem, stern, sail … of a ship, Fms. ix. 135; blöð á lauk, á tré …, leaves of a leek, of a tree …, Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr á bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.
    V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; afla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one’s own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be convicted upon …, Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á sínu eigini ( a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim manni er heimild ( possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum sínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flótta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one’s feet, by speed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the thirst on.
    VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi manna, up to thirty, i. e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; á öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years of age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one’s hand, i. e. bound to do it, v. hönd.
    VII. in more or less adverbial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- prefixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á lífi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brautu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone; á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i. e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70;—but in many cases these phrases are transl. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a prep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing, Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði, a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á reiki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hleri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; á hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working; á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; á beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N. G. L. i. 348.
    VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the air or the weather, where ‘á’ is almost redundant; þoka var á mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pitch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðrænt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.
    WITH ACC.
    A. Loc.
    I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connected with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsnös, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517.
    2. in phrases denoting direction; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á bæði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; á hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 44; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tvær hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383.
    3. upp á, upon; hann tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with verbs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154.
    II. denoting direction with or without the idea of arriving:
    1. with verbs denoting to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, gékk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sigla á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with ‘út’ added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349.
    2. conveying the notion of arriving, or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á miðjan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inland, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long locks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48; á þa ofan, 91.
    III. without reference to the space traversed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the like, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum, Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fields, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one’s legs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga á þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á merkr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577, Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms. i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma á veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (castle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236; hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms. i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; ríða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82.
    IV. in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verbs denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir sá boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers away up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or direction of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir fólkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, Fas. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var þar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja á miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konungs sæti vera á þann bekk … annat öndvegi var á hinn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l. c., Sturl. iii. 182; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 229; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; stóll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á skip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90.
    V. denoting parts of the body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, Ísl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, Nj. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one’s neck; brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one’s back, Fms. vii. 119; kalinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3.
    VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round his horse’s neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa, to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hönd, á fingr, Eg. 300.
    VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tvá hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i. e. a two, a fifteen horse load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose death upon them, i. e. doom them to death, Edda 22.
    B. TEMP.
    I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morning of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333.
    II. if connected with the word day, ‘á’ is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag …, on Saturday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á Jóladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old writers more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn …, by dropping the prep. ‘á,’ Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18.
    III. connected with ‘dagr’ with the definite article suffixed, ‘á’ denotes a fixed, recurring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time, every day in turn, Grett. 91 A.
    IV. connected with ‘evening, morning, the seasons,’ with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 14; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 reads sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter time, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sing., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers the plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á várin, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the evening, only ‘dagr’ is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those above mentioned.
    V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in the negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one’s life; aldri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrases as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, Stj. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical.
    VI. á dag without article can only be used in a distributive sense, e. g. tvisvar á dag, twice a-day; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers are not on record.
    VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, liðið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haust (or nóttina, daginn …), jól, páska, föstu, or the like, far on in the night, day …, Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. áliðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well stricken in years, Ld. 68.
    C. Metaph. and in various relations:
    I. somewhat metaphorically, denoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora á hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á grið, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara á veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8.
    β. generally denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á féit, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á berhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy’s weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; ganga á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed through one so as to get near one’s foe, i. e. to avail oneself of the last chance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl á e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inclined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, Nj. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb. 288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á veittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169.
    II. denoting in regard to, in respect to:
    1. of colour, complexion, the hue of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr … á hár, having white, brown, or dark … hair, Ísl. ii. 190, Nj. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc.
    2. denoting skill, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr á járn, málm, smíðar …, an expert worker in iron, metals …, Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a master in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræðimaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a learned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 189; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, to be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120.
    3. denoting dimensions; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt …, in the heighth, length, breadth, depth …, Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Grág. i. 89.
    β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself, vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine ( ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74.
    III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one’s own hands, (á sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) á skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370; at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one’s own expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc. The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a ‘querne,’ where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika á hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju …; in the old usage, leika hörpu …, Stj. 458.
    IV. denoting the manner or way of doing:
    1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Grág. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, respects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fashion, Sks. 288.
    2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, Ld. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Danish, i. e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i. 18; á Vára tungu, i. e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Norræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59:—at present, dat. is sometimes used.
    3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann lét ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skaltú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14.
    V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu á kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Grág. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B.
    VI. connected with nouns,
    1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i. e. past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards.
    2. adverbially; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; á mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-drift, i. e. dispersedly.
    3. used almost redundantly before the following prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót, against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp. Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards; á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: following a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon; ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is loc., id., etc.
    VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrastically for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; heita kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða á, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on; minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, mæna, glápa, koma auga … á, to look on; girnast á, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora á, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, to accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, hlaupa, ráða … á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágangr, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, to slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verpa … á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala á, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a saddle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to guess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, haldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposite one another, etc.
    2.
    f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S. eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue; Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Dan. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word]:—a river. The old form in nom. dat. acc. sing. is , v. the introduction to A, page 1, Bs. i. 333 sq., where ́n, ́ (acc.), and ́na; so also Greg. 677; the old fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old form occurs twice, viz. page 75, ́na (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), í ́nni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and Sb. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing. ár; nom. pl. ár, gen. á contracted, dat. ám, obsolete form ́m; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99, 133, 185: proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answering to the Lat. principiis obsta, Edda 60; hér kemr á til sæfar, here the river runs into the sea, metaph. = this is the very end, seems to have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdrápa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vötn renna til sævar, ‘all waters run into the sea.’ Rivers with glacier water are in Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hitá, Hot river, from a hot spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða á, etc.: a tributary river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njála often means the great rivers Ölfusá and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a river in Sweden, Hkr. ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames; Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide Edda (Gl.) 116, 117, containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.
    COMPDS: áráll, árbakki, árbrot, ardjúp, árfarvegr, árfors, árgljúfr, árhlutr, ármegin, árminni, ármót, áróss, árreki, árstraumr, árströnd, árvað, árvegr, árvöxtr.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > Á

  • 2 BRJÓTA

    * * *
    (brýt; braut, brutum; brotinn), v.
    brjóta fót sinn, to break one’s leg;
    brjóta tennr ór höfði manns, to break the teelh out of the head;
    brjóta mann um stein, to break a man on a stone;
    brjóta e-n í hjóli, to break on the wheel;
    2) to break open (brjóta haug, búr);
    3) to destroy, demolish (brjóta hof, skurðgoð, kastala);
    brjóta skip, to break one’s ship, be shipwrecked;
    4) to break, violate, transgress (brjóta heit, lög);
    en þér konungr brutuð lög á Agli, you broke the law in Egil’s case;
    5) to force, compel (brjóta menn til kristni);
    brjóta e-n til hlýðni, to force to submission;
    6) in various fig. phrases;
    brjóta odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point of one’s pride, to humble oneself;
    brjóta straum fyrir e-m, to break the stream before one, to bear the brunt of battle;
    7) with preps.:
    brjóta af brúna, to break off the bridge;
    brjóta af við e-n, to wrong one;
    brjóta á bak, to force or drive back (brjóta fylking á bak);
    to neglect, disregard (brjóta á bak ráð e-s);
    brjóta niðr, to demolish, break down (brjóta niðr hús);
    brjóta niðr blótskap, villu, to put down, abolish;
    brjóta sik niðr við jörðu, to bow down to the earth;
    brjóta saman, to fold (brjóta saman skikkju);
    to unite (brjóta saman et forna lögmál ok nýja);
    brjóta sundr, í sundr, to break asunder (brjóta sundr silfrker);
    to unfold (clothes);
    brjóta (land, þjóð) undir sik, to subdue;
    brjóta upp, to break up (þeir brutu upp þilit);
    to force or break open (brjóta upp hurð, búr, kirkju, bréf);
    to unpack (brjóta upp gersemar sínar);
    brjóta upp vistir, to bring out the victuals (for the mess);
    brjóta upp vápn, to get out the weapons, prepare for battle;
    8) refl., brjótast á e-t, to break in upon;
    Önundr brauzt á hurðina, tried to break in the door;
    brjótast á milli, to break out between;
    brjótast fram, to break forth;
    brjótast í haug, to break into a cairn;
    brjótast í e-u, to exert oneself in a thing;
    þessi maðr brýzt í miklu ofrefli, struggles against great odds;
    brjótast um, to make a hard struggle (björn brauzt um í vök);
    brjótast við ofrefli, to fight against odds;
    brjótast við borgargørðina, to exert oneself in making the burg;
    brjótast við e-u, to struggle against (brjótast við forlögunum, gæfu sinni);
    9) impers. in a passive sense;
    skipit (acc.) braut í spán, the ship was broken to pieces;
    þá braut kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down;
    strauminn braut á öxlinni, the current broke against his shoulder.
    * * *
    pret. braut; 2nd pers. brautt is obsolete; commonly brauzt or brauztu, Ó. H. 24 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 139 (in a verse of A. D. 1050); pl. brutu; sup. brotið; pres. brýt: [this word does not occur in Ulf. and is unknown in Germ.; the A. S. has breâtan, breôtan, but rarely and in the sense to destroy, demolish: but the Scandin. dialects all have it; Swed. bryta; Dan. bryde; whereas the Goth. braican, Germ. brechen, Engl. break are unknown to the Scandin. idioms. Du Cange records a Latin-Spanish britare = destruere; it is therefore likely that it came into Spain with the Goths, although Ulfilas does not use it]:—to break; with acc., Nj. 64, Bs. i. 346; þeir brutu báða fótleggi í honum, Hom. 115; sumir brutu ( hurt) hendr sínar, sumir fætr, Bs. i. 10; ef maðr brýtr tennr or höfði manns, Grág. ii. 11; hvárz þat er höggit, eðr brotið, cut or broken, id.; þeir kómu við sker ok brutu stýri, Fms. ix. 307; Þormóðr kvað betra at róa minna ok brjóta ekki, Grett. ch. 50: phrases as, b. á bak, to break the back, Fms. vii. 119; á háls, the neck, Vígl. 21; b. í hjóli (hveli), to break on the wheel, of capital punishment, Fms. xi. 372, Hom. 147; í þeim hring stendr Þórs steinn, er þeir menn vóru brotnir um ( on which the men were broken) er til blóta vóru hafðir, Eb. 26.
    2. denoting to destroy, demolish; b. skurðgoð, Fms. x. 277, Bs. i. 10; þeir höfðu brotið hof en kristnað land, Fms. i. 32; Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 167.
    β. b. skip, to shipwreck (skip-brot); brutu þar skipit allt í span, Nj. 282, Ld. 8, Landn. 149: absol., hón kom á Vikarsskeið, ok braut þar, 110: nú er á ( a river) brýtr af annars manns landi, Gþl. 419; cp. land-brot.
    3. adding prepp.; niðr, sundr, af, upp, to break down, asunder, off, or the like; sá er niðr braut alla Jerusalem, 673. 51; b. niðr blótskap, Fms. iii. 165, viii. (pref.); brutu þá Baglar af brúna, B. broke the bridge off, x. 331; b. sundr, ix. 482; b. upp, to break up; þeir brutu upp þilit, Eg. 235; þeir brutu upp búr hans (of burglars), 593; b. upp kirkju, Fms. ix. 12; b. upp hlið, to break up a fence, K. Þ. K. 84.
    β. b. upp, to break up a package, unpack; brýtr hann nú upp gersemar sínar, Fær. 6:—as a naut. term, b. upp means to bring out victuals for the mess, Dan. bakke op; jarl ok hans menn b. upp vistir ok setjast til matar, Fms. xi. 147: milit., b. upp vápn means to take arms, prepare for battle (in a sea fight); brjóta upp vápn sín ok berjask, Fær. 85; menn brutu upp um annan öll vápn, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse).
    γ. b. or b. saman, to fold (clothes or the like); b. sundr, to unfold, Nj. 171: in mod. usage also b. bréf, to fold a letter (hence brot, to denote the size of a book); b. upp bréf, to break a letter open, Barl. 181; b. blað, to fold down a leaf in a book, etc.; b. út, to break ( a channel) through, Landn. 65 (of a river); þá var út brotinn óssinn, Bs. i. 315.
    4. various metaph. phrases; b. bág við, to fight, v. bágr, Fas. i. 43; b. odd af oflæti sínu, to break the point off one’s pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94 (where to disgrace oneself); b. straum fyrir e-u, to break the stream for one, metaphor from a post or rock in a stream, to bear the brunt of battle, Orkn. 344; b. bekrann, vide bekri, Grett.
    5. metaph. to break, violate, lög, rétt, etc.; mun ek þó eigi fyrir þínar sakir brjóta lögin né konungs tignina, eða svá landsréttinn, Fms. iv. 263; en þér, konungr, brutuð lög á Agli, you broke the law in Egil’s case, Eg. 416, Fms. x. 401; at þú brjótir lög þín, xi. 93; engi skyídi annars ráð brjóta, Bret.; b. á bak, to infringe, Fas. i. 528 (cp. lög-brot, laga-brot); b. af við e-n, to wrong one, iii. 551: in theol. sense, H. E. i. 460 (vide af-brot, mis-brot, crime, sin): absol. to transgress, brjóta þau ok bæði, ok göra hórdóm, K. Á. 134.
    β. denoting force, to force, compel; b. menn til Kristni, Ld. 178, Fms. i. 142; til trúar, Fs. 98; til hlýðni, to force to submission; allt landsfólk var undir brotið ríki þeirra, all people were brought under their rule, Fms. iv. 64; hón er í hernaði ok brýtr undir sik víkinga, Odd. 22; b. konu til svefnis, a law term, violare, Grág. i. 338.
    II. reflex., with prepp. í, ór, um, út, við, or adv. braut; brjótask, to break in, out, etc.; hann brauzk í haug Hrólfs Kraka, Landn. 169; brjótumk vér þá burt ór húsinu, to break out of the house, Fas. i. 88; brjótask á, to break in upon, press; Önundr brauzk á hurðina, Onund tried to break in the door, Fs. 101, Fms. vii. 187; b. fram, to break forth, Bb.; b. milli, to break out between, Bs. i. 634; b. út, to break out, esp. in the metaph. sense of plague, disease, fire, or the like; er út brýzk vökvi ok úhreinindi, Greg. 22 (út-brot, a breaking out, eruption); b. um, to make a hard struggle (e. g. of one fettered or pinioned); því harðara er hann brauzk um, Edda 20; björn einn brauzk um í vök, Fs. 146; af ofrgangi elds þess er um brýtsk ( rages) í grundvöllum landsins, Sks. 151; b. við e-t, to struggle ( wrestle) hard against; þeir brutusk við skóga eðr stóra steina, of enraged berserkers, Fas. i. 515: metaph. to fight hard against, hann brauzk við heiðinn lýð, Fms. xi. 396; b. við ofrefli, to fight against odds, Ísl. ii. 394: absol. to strive hard, Stj. 411; Hákoni jarli var ekki mikit um at b. við borgargörðina, Haco did not care to exert himself much about making the burg, Fms. ix. 46: with dat., b. við e-u, to fight against (in a bad sense); b. við gæfu sinni, to break with one’s good luck, iv. 233; b. við forlögunum, to struggle against fate, Fs. 20; b. í e-u, to be busy, exert oneself in a thing; eigi þarftú í þessu at brjótask lengr, i. e. give it up, Fms. iii. 102; því at þessi maðr Ólafr brýzk í miklu ofrefli, this man Olave struggles against great odds, iv. 77.
    2. recipr., þeir rérust svá nær, at brutusk árarnar fyrir, that they broke one another’s oars, Fms. viii. 216.
    III. impers. in a pass. sense; skipit (acc.) braut í spán, the ship was broken to pieces, Ld. 142; skip Þangbrands braut austr við Búlandshöfða, Nj. 162; tók út skip Þangbrands ok braut mjök, Bs. i. 15: of a house, or the like, destroyed by wind or wave, þá braut kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down, 30: the phrase, straum (acc.) brýtr á skeri, the stream is broken against a skerry ( rock); strauminn braut á öxlinni, the stream broke against his shoulders, Grett. 140 (the new Ed.), the old Ed. straumrinn—not so well; lá (acc.) brýtr, the surf breaks, abates, Edda (Ht. verse 78).
    IV. part. brotinn, broken; sverð slæ ok brotin, Hkr. i. 343: as adj. in such compds as fót-brotinn, væng-brotinn, háls-brotinn, hrygg-brotinn, etc., with broken leg, wing, etc.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BRJÓTA

  • 3 RÓA

    * * *
    (rœ; reri, reyri, røri; róinn), v.
    1) to row, pull; hann rœr út í Bjarneyjar, he rows out to the Bearisles; with the boat in dat. (reru þeir skipinu upp í ána);
    2) to row out to sea, go fishing, = r. út (þenna morgin bjóst Þ. á sjó at r.); er hann kom þar, vóru allir menn rónir nema Þ., all the men had rowed out fishing except Th.;
    4) recipr., róast at, to pull so as to encounter one another, of two ships in battle.
    * * *
    pres. ræ (i. e. rœ), rær, rær, pl. róm, Orkn. 402; else róum (Bs.i. 497), róit, róa; pret. réri, older and better reyri or röri, which form is still used in eastern Icel.; imperat. ró, róðú; part, róinn, see Gramm.p. xxiii: [A. S. rowan; Engl. row; Dan. roe; Swed. ro]:— to row; sigla eðr róa, Grág. ii. 130; róa at, Fms. viii. 315; róa leiðangr, vii. 152; þeir réru yfir vatnið, Eg. 109; menn reyru til Sauðeyjar, 219; róa undan, Fms. i. 45; réri fram undan eyjunni allr herr konunganna, ii. 305; róa út ór höfninni, iv. 97 þeir reyru á brott, vii. 201; rétu þeir út fyrir Norðnes, viii. 135; hann réri til þeirra, 231; hann rær út í Bjarneyjar, Nj. 19; róm vér í mót þeim sem harðast, Orkn. 402; róa skipi, Eg. 80; þeir réru þveran árstrauminn, Fms. vii. 264; sá skal fá skip ok mat ok sæ róa, er taki skýtr, N. G. L. i. 48; róa af fjörðinn, Fms. ix. 502; fornt skip er hömlur sé af rónar, rowed off, worn off, N. G. L. i. 75: róa út, to row out to sea, go fishing, K. Þ. K. 90 (út-róðr): as also absol., ok er hann kom þar vóru allir menn rónir nema Þorvaldr, all the fishing-boats were at sea, Nj. 19; róa á sjá, róa til fiskjar, passim.
    2. to fit out a ship with oars; öll vóru þessi skip borðmikil, at þvi sem þau vóru róin til, Fms. viii. 372; Sverrir lét taka byrðinga nokkora, höggva í sundr, auka at kili, ok róa ( fit them out with oars) at endilöngnm borðum, id.
    3. metaph., Flosi kveðsk skyldu saman róa svá at keypt yrði, F.told them to pull together, come to an agreement, Nj. 259; róa vík á e-n, to pull one round, in rowing; þess höfðingja er nokkura gæti á Hrafnkel vík róit, Hrafn. 16.
    II. to rock oneself backwards and forwards, in a sitting posture; hann sá trollkarl sitja þar á uppi ok láta róa fætr, Landn.(Hb.) 84; sútu inni konur tvær blóðgar ok reyru áfram, … róm vit ok róm vit! rignir blóði, Sturl. ii. 9 (Bs. i. 497); griðkur róa ok raula, Hallgr.; Refr mundi fífl, þvíat hann lagði ekki annat fyrir sik en áfram róa, Krók. ch. 1; hann let róa tinglit, Háv. 7 new Ed.
    2. of a fat beast; það rær í spiki, reri það stykki í spiki, Od. viii. 476.
    III. recipr., róask at, to pull against one another, of two ships in battle, Fms. viii. 181.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > RÓA

  • 4 AT

    I) prep.
    A. with dative.
    I. Of motion;
    1) towards, against;
    Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;
    hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;
    Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;
    þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;
    3) to, at;
    koma at landi, to come to land;
    ganga at dómi, to go into court;
    4) along (= eptir);
    ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;
    dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;
    refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;
    5) denoting hostility;
    renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;
    gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;
    6) around;
    vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;
    bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;
    7) denoting business, engagement;
    ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;
    fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.
    II. Of position, &c.;
    1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;
    at kirkju, at church;
    at dómi, in court;
    at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;
    2) denoting participation in;
    vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;
    3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;
    kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;
    var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;
    4) with proper names of places (farms);
    konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;
    biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;
    at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;
    5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;
    at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;
    at Marðar, at Mara’s home;
    at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;
    at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).
    III. Of time;
    1) at, in;
    at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;
    at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;
    at páskum, at Easter;
    at kveldi, at eventide;
    at fjöru, at the ebb;
    at flœðum, at the floodtide;
    2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;
    at ári komanda, next year;
    at vári, er kemr, next spring;
    generally with ‘komanda’ understood;
    at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;
    3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;
    at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;
    at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;
    at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;
    at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;
    at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;
    at honum önduðum, after his death;
    4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;
    hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;
    skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;
    at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.
    IV. fig. and in various uses;
    1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;
    brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;
    verða at ormi, to become a snake;
    2) for, as;
    gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;
    eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;
    3) by;
    taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;
    draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;
    kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;
    auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;
    vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;
    5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;
    ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;
    6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;
    faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);
    aðili at sök = aðili sakar;
    7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;
    hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;
    mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;
    tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;
    kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;
    8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;
    Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);
    þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;
    hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;
    9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);
    at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;
    at landslögum, by the law of the land;
    at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;
    10) in adverbial phrases;
    gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;
    bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;
    at fullu, fully;
    at vísu, surely;
    at frjálsu, freely;
    at eilífu, for ever and ever;
    at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;
    at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;
    at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.
    B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);
    sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;
    at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;
    connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;
    at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.
    1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;
    at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;
    2) in an objective sense;
    hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;
    gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;
    3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).
    1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;
    hón grét at meir, she wept the more;
    þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;
    þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;
    2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);
    þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;
    sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.
    conj., that;
    1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;
    þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;
    vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;
    2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;
    svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;
    3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);
    4) since, because, as (= því at);
    5) connected with þó, því, svá;
    þó at (with subj.), though, although;
    því at, because, for;
    svá at, so that;
    6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;
    þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;
    þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;
    áðr at (= á. en), before;
    7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;
    Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;
    in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.
    V)
    negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.
    odda at, Yggs at, battle.
    * * *
    1.
    and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
    Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.
    WITH DAT.
    A. LOC.
    I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:
    1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.
    2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.
    3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)
    4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.
    5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.
    β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.
    6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.
    β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.
    γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.
    7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.
    β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.
    8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.
    β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.
    II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.
    2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.
    3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:
    α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.
    β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.
    γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.
    4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.
    5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.
    6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.
    β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.
    γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.
    7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.
    B. TEMP.
    I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.
    II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.
    β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.
    III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:
    1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,
    2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.
    IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:
    1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.
    2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.
    3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.
    V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.
    2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
    C. METAPH. and in various cases:
    I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:
    α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.
    β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.
    II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.
    2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.
    III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.
    IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.
    2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)
    3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.
    4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.
    5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.
    6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.
    β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.
    V. denoting the source of a thing:
    1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.
    2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.
    VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.
    VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.
    VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.
    β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.
    IX. following many words:
    1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.
    β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …
    γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.
    δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.
    2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.
    3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.
    WITH ACC.
    TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.
    ☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
    2.
    and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.
    I. it is used either,
    1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,
    2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.
    β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).
    3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.
    II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:
    α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.
    β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.
    γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.
    δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.
    ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.
    ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.
    η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.
    θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.
    3.
    and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.
    I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.
    II. it is used,
    1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.
    2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.
    β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.
    γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.
    III. used in connection with conjunctions,
    1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.
    α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet—though, Lat. attamen —etsi, K. Þ. K.
    β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.
    γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.
    2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.
    IV. as a relat. conj.:
    1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.
    2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.
    V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.
    4.
    and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.
    5.
    n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.
    β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.
    6.
    the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT

  • 5 STEYTA

    (-tta, -ttr), v.
    1) to throw, cast violently (þeir steyta þeim út ór vagninum);
    2) to pound, bray.
    * * *
    t, [Ulf. stautan = τύπτειν; Dan. stöde; Swed. stöta; Germ. stossen; connected with a lost strong verb stúta, staut]:—to push, with dat., cast violently; hverjum hlut er þar í hefir steytt verit, cast into the lake, Stj. 75; þeir steyta þeim út ór vagninum niðr á jörðina, Karl. 161; steytandi honum dauðum á jörð, 194; steytast ( to be thrown) niðr í eina dýblizu, 550; vóru þar út á steyttir ( flung) dauðir menn, Ann. 1349; steytir urð at urð, was flung from rock to rock, Bs. ii. 25; skipið steytti á skeri, she struck on a skerry; steyta fót sinn við steini, Matth. iv. 6.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > STEYTA

  • 6 BJARG

    n.
    1) rock, boulder;
    2) precipice, cliff (by the sea).
    * * *
    n. [Ulf. bairgahei = η ορεινή; A. S. beorg; Germ. berg; lost in Engl.], rocks, precipices:
    1. neut. pl. björg, precipices (in a collect. sense), esp. on the sea-side, cp. flugabjörg, sjófarbjörg, hamrabjörg; precipices covered with gulls and sea fowls are called bjarg, e. g. Látrabjarg, Þórisbjörg, mostly in pl., Bs. ii. 111, Fms. 275, Orkn. 312.
    2. sing. rock; bjargit hafði nýliga sprungit frá einum hellismunna, Fms. i. 230; vatn ór bjargi, water out of a rock, 655 xii, Nj. 264, Fas. ii. 29.
    β. in sing. it chiefly means an immense stone (cp. heljarbjarg), a boulder; hann hefir fært þat bjarg í hellisdyrnar, at ekki má í hellinn komast, Fms. iii. 223; einn stein svá mikinn sem bjarg væri, Gísl. 31; hve stór björg (pl.) at sá hestr dró, Edda 26; at svá ungr maðr skyldi hefja svá stórt bjarg, Grett. 93.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BJARG

  • 7 HELLA

    I)
    f. flat stone, slab of rock.
    (-ta, -t), v. to pour out (hella e-u); var hellt í þik mjólk, milk was poured into thy mouth; hella út blóði, tárum, to shed blood, tears.
    * * *
    1.
    u, f., gen. hellna, Bs. i. 204, [hallr, m.; Swed. häll], a flat stone, slate, Þórð. 36 new Ed., Fs. 66, Fms. viii. 9, xi. 241, Orkn. 246: a table-land of rocks, leiddum síðan skipit upp á hellurnar, Fms. xi. 241; þar ól Þóra barn uppi á hellunni, Hkr. i. 118, (Hákonar-hella, the name of a place); sumt féll á hellu ok þornaði, Hom. Matth. xiii. 5; hjálpar-h., rock of salvation; hneyxlunar-h., rock of offence, Rom. ix. 33; þvíat þat var grundvallat á hellu, Matth. vii. 25: a tablet of stone (= steintafla), Ver. 22; gull-hella, q. v.: a local name, Landn.; also Hellu-land, n. the Polar-land north and east of Greenland.
    2. metaph. medic. of a tumour, hard to the touch; var þrotinn hlaupinn sundr í þrjár hellur, Bs. i. 178.
    COMPDS: hellnagrjót, helluberg, hellubjarg, helluflaga, Helluflagi, helluhnoðri, hellunám, hellusteinn.
    2.
    t, [halla], to pour out water or the like, with dat.; hella vatni, etc., Grág. i. 129, 133, K. Þ. K. 12, 623. 54; h. silfri yfir höfuð e-m, Fms. vi. 375; h. í kné e-m, Fbr. 33; var hellt í þik mjólk, milk was poured into thy mouth, Fms. vi. 32; hella út, to pour out, spill, Fs. 147; h. e-u niðr, to spill, Al. 55; h. út tárum, to shed tears, 623. 17; h. út blóði, to shed blood, Blas. 47, Nj. 272, Sks. 782; h. í sik, to gulp, guzzle (vulgar), Fas. i. 296.
    2. reflex., hellask fram, to be poured forth, to rush forth, Rb. 438.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HELLA

  • 8 HVERR

    I)
    (-s, -ar), m.
    1) kettle, cauldron;
    2) hot spring (hverrinn var bæði heitr ok djúpr); holtriða h., ‘rock-cauldron’, cave.
    pron.
    1) interrog., used both substantively and adjectively, who, which, what? hverjar ero þær meyjar? who are these maids? h. á hestinn? who owns the horse? h. er þessi maðr? who is this man? hvern enda? what end?
    2) indef. each, every one, as subst., with gen.; manna h., every man; fróðra h., every wise man; h. várr, each of us; as a., h. gumi, every man; hverjan or hvern dag, every day; as adv., í hverju, moment (veðrit óx í hverju);
    3) any (fyrir útan hverja hjálp);
    4) with the relat. part. ‘er’ or ‘sem’, whosoever, whichever (þá skulu þeir þegar drepa hann h. sem hann er);
    5) with another pron. or adj; h. at öðrum, one after another (hverja nótt eptir aðra); at öðru hverju, every now and then, hverir tveir, every two and two; þriðja hvert ár, every three years (= á hverjum þremr árum); hverr … sinn, every one … his (hverr maðr í sínu rúmi);
    6) relat. (rare), who, which.
    * * *
    1.
    m., pl. hverar:
    I. a cauldron, boiler; hver kringlóttan af eiri, Stj. 564; heyrði til höddu er Þorr bar hverinn, Skálda 168, Hym. 1, 3, 5, 9, 13, 27, 33, 34, 36, 39 (of a boiler); hefja af hvera, Gm. 42, = mod. taka ofan pottinn; in Gkv. 3, 6, 9, 10, ketill and hver are synonymous: hver-gætir, m. a cauldron-keeper, cook, Am. 58: hvera-lundr, m. a cauldron groove, Vsp. 39: Hver-gelmir, m. local name of the northern Tartarus, the abyss, Edda.
    II. metaph. in volcanic Icel. this word was taken to express the hot springs, and it is so used to the present day (in pl. often hverir), Sd. 191, Grett. 141 (hverar), Bs. i. 322, Ann. 1294, and freq. in local names. In the west the largest hverar are those in Reykjahólar, Eggert Itin. 382; in the north the Reykja-hver; Hvera-vellir in the wilderness Kjöl, 637; Reykjadals-hverar, among which the largest is the Uxa-hver, and Baðstofu-hver, 640, 641. In the east there are only a few, see Itin. 798; whereas the south is very rich in such springs, especially the neighbourhood of Haukadal (Geysir, Strokkr), see Ann. 1294; Grafar-hver, 890; Reykjaness-hverar, 895, (whence Hver-hólmr, the name of a holm); the springs in Krísuvík, 897; the hverar in Reykja-holt and Reykja-dalr: they are found even in glaciers, as in Torfa-jökull, 766.
    COMPDS: hverafuglar, hverahella, hverahrúðr, hveraleir, hveraslý, hverasteinar, hveravatn, hvera-lundr in Vsp. an Icel. origin of this poem is suggested by Prof. Bergmann in his Poëmes Islandaises, Paris 1838, p. 183, as the verse seems to refer to volcanic agencies.
    2.
    pron. interrog. and indef.; at the present day proncd. hvur, with u throughout, and in mod. printed books usually spelt hvör, a form no doubt derived from the dual hvárr (hvorr), used in a plur. sense: for its declension, see Gramm. p. xxi; an acc. hverjan, Hým. 39; hverjan morgin, Vsp. 22, Fb. ii. 71 (in a verse); hverjan dag, Vþm. 11, 18, 23, 41, Gm. 8, 14, 20, 29; hverjan veg, Vþm. 18; whence the contracted form hvern. [The Gothic has a threefold interrog. pron., a sing. hwas, hwo, hwa; a dual, hwaþar; and a plur. hwarjis, hwarja, hwarjata. To the first of these pronouns answers the old Icel. form hvar, A. S. hwa, Scot. who, Engl. who, Swed. ho, Dan. hvo, cp. Lat. quis; but this pronoun is defective, and remains only in the neut. hvat, q. v., Ulf. hwa, A. S. hwat, Engl. what, Germ. was, Dan.-Swed. hvad, Lat. quid: the dat. masc. hveim is obsolete, Goth. hvamme, Engl. whom, Dan. hvem: the dat. hví (see hvat II, III): a nom. masc. hvar (hva-r) seems to be used a few times in old MSS. (e. g. Kb. of the Grágás), but it is uncertain, as the word is usually abbreviated her or hur: a gen. sing. hves (Goth. hwes, North. E. whese) occurs, hves lengra, how much farther? Hom. (St.) 50; til hves, to what? 65: possibly the απ. λεγ. hós, Ls. 33, is a remnant of the old gen. To the Goth. dual answers the Icel. hvárr (hvaðarr), q. v. To the Goth. plur. answers the Icel. hverr, with characteristic j, which is used in sing. and plur. alike. In the neut. sing. the two forms, hvat and hvert, are distinguished thus, that hvat (hvað) is interrog., hvert indef., e. g. hvað barn, what bairn? but hvert barn, every bairn.]
    A. Interrogative, = Lat. quis, quae, quid? who, what, which? as substantive and adjective, direct and indirect; hvers fregnit mik? Vsp. 22; hverjar ro þær meyjar? Vþm. 48; hverir æsir? 30, Fsm. 8, 34; hverr er sá enn eini? Fas. ii. 529; hverir hafa tekið ofan skjöldu vára? Nj. 68; hverju skal launa kvæðit? Ísl. ii. 230; hverr er sá maðr? Fms. ii. 269; telja til hvers hann hafði neytt eði hvers úneytt, Grág. i. 155; spyrja hverja þeir vilja kveðja, ii. 24; kveða á þingmörk hver eru, i. 100; (segja) hverjar guðsifjar með þeim eru, 30; hugsa til hvers þú munt færr verða, Fms. i. 83; vita hverr þú ert, ii. 269; vita hvert biðja skal, Edda; þeir þóttusk sjá til hvers aetlað var, Fms. ix. 461; eigi veit ek til hvers ek má ætla, Bs. i. 541; hón segir honum hvers efni í eru, how matters stood, 539; þeir vissu hverju hann ætlaði fram at fara, Fms. i. 291; hann segir hverrar ættar Ólafr var, 81; sögðu með hverju (erendi) þeir höfðu farit, Eg. 281.
    2. with the notion of Lat. qualis; en hvat kemr þér í hug, hverr ( qualis) ek muna vera þeim Írum, ef? …, Fas. ii. 529; þeim þótti úsýnt hverr friðr gefinn væri, Fms. v. 24; sá einn veit, hverju geði styrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17.
    B. Indefinite pronoun, = Lat. quisque, every one, each, used both as substantive and as adjective:
    1. as subst.; with gen., þat sæti ætlaði sér hverr sona hans, Fms. i. 7; manna, seggja, lýða, gumna hverr, every one of the men, every man, Hm. 14, 17, 53–55, Sól. 49; fróðra hverr, every wise man, Hm. 7; ráðsnotra hverr, 63: absol., as in the sayings, hverr er sjálfum sér næstr; bærr er hverr at ráða sínu; djarfr er hverrum deildan verð; fróðr er hverr fregnvíss; hverr er sinnar hamingju smiðr; dauðr verðr hverr, Hallfred; hail er heima hverr, Hm.; kveðr hverr sinnar þurftar: lét harm þar tala um hvern þat er vildi, Eb. and passim: with a possess, pron., ef sér ferr hverr várr, each of us, Glúm. 329.
    2. as adj., á hverju þingi, Hkr. ii. 300; hverjan dag, every day, Vsp., Vþm., Gm.; í hverri tíð, at any time, Hom. 112; hver undr, Fs. 115; hverjum manni, Nj. 6; meiri ok sterkari hverjum manni, Hkr. i. 148; hver spurning liítr til svara, Sks. 307; hverr gumi, Hm. 13, passim.
    3. as adv., í hverju, evermore; veðrit óx í hverju, Fms. vi. 379; þykir harðna sambúðin í hverju, grew ever worse and worse, xi. 441; veðrit óx í hverri, Skáld. H. 4. 14.
    II. any; fyrir utan hverja hjálp, Hom. 159: esp. if following after a compar., es meiri fögnuðr boðinn á þessi tíð en á hverri annarri, Hom. (St.); hefir þetta með meirum fádæmum gengit heldr en hvert annarra, Band. 33 new Ed.
    III. adding the relat. particle er or sem, whosoever, whichsoever, whatsoever; hvers sem við þarf, Fms. i. 306; þá á þá sök hverr er vill, Grág. i. 10; hverr er svá er spakr, Hom. 2; hverju sinni er, whensoever, Str. 27 and passim.
    IV. with another pron. or adj.; hverr at öðrum, one after another, Eg. 91, Fs. 158; hvert at öðru, Fas. ii. 556; hvert sumar frá öðru, Grág. i. 92; hverja nótt eptir aðra, Þiðr. 53, 150; at öðru hverju, now and then, adverbially; hverir tveir, every two and two, by twos, Fms. iv. 299; þriðja hvert ár, every three years, Fas. ii. 64; á hverjum þremr árum, id., Stj. 573; dag inn sjaunda hvern, K. ÞK.; þriðja hvert sumar, Landn. 299; annan hvern dag, níundu hverja nótt, Skm. 21, Nj. 190.
    2. hverr … sinn, every … his; hverr maðr í sínu rúmi, Nj. 51; hverr sér, each separately; sér hverr, each in particular, every one; at serhverju hofi, at every single temple, Landn. 336 (App.); þó at ek greina eigi ser hvat, though I do not tell each thing in detail, Bs. i. 64; sérhverja atburði, 134; sérhverjum hlut, Fms. v. 333; sérhverjum þeirra, Nj. 256, Landn. 35, Sturl. ii. 175; sérhvern fingr, Fas. iii. 345; sérhvern mann, Fms. i. 149; allir ok sérhverir, all and several, i. e. everyone, Grág. ii. 36, 140, Eluc. 43, H. E. i. 468; einn ok sérhverr, one and all, every one, Skálda 161; hverr sem einn, each as one, all like one man, 165, Al. 91, 93, Barl. 40, Stj. 4; hvereinn, every one.
    C. Relative, = Lat. qui, quae, quod, Engl. who, which, only in later writers of the end of the 13th and the 14th centuries, and since freq. in N. T., Vídal., Hymns; at first it was seldom used but with the particles er, at, as in Engl. who that …, which that …; þat herbergi, í hverju er …, in which that …, Stj.; takandi vátta, hverir at sóru fullan bókareið, Dipl. ii. 2; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at þekkr mun verða, Fms. v. 159 and passim: singly, tvær jarðir, hverjar svá heita, Dipl. v. 27; Guðs orð, hver frjófgask munu, Fms. v. 159; Gerhardus, hverr með fögrum píslar-sigri fór brott, Mar.; með hverjum hann hugar-prýði vann, Fb. iii. 567.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HVERR

  • 9 STEINN

    * * *
    (-s, -ar), m.
    1) stone, boulder, rock (s. einn mikill);
    2) precious stone (bitullinn var settr steinum);
    4) paint (skip teint bæði hvítum steini ok rauðum);
    5) stone building, cloister, cell; setjast (or ganga) í stein, to become a hermit.
    * * *
    m. [a word common to all Teut. languages], a stone, N. G. L. i. 65; meistari á stein, Barl. 167; steinn einn mikill, Fms. viii. 8, passim: a boulder, rock, stein at lýja járn við. Eg. 141: allit., stokkar eða steinar, Grág. ii. 132, Fb. ii. 102; gengr mark fyrir neðan ór steinum þeim er heita Klofningar, D. I. i. 471; dyrnar á steininum lukusk, Fas i. 514: of a gem (gim-steinn), Js. 78, Þkv. 16, 19, Ó. H. 30; settr steinum, Eg. 698; altaris-steinn, Vm. 37; leiðar-s., sólar-s., a loadstone: stones used for warming rooms, ok hófðu hvárki á því kveldi ljós né steina, Eb. 276; cp. mjólk var heit ok vóru á steinar, Lv. 70: dragging stones as a punishment, see Sól. (draga dreyrga steina); draga stein ok vera útlægr, N. G. L. iii. 16, 210. but it is of foreign origin.
    2. metaph. phrases; verða milli steins ok sleggju, between the ‘stone and the sledge-hammer’ (stones being used for anvils). Fas. i. 34; taka stein, or kasta steini um megn sér, to throw too heavy a stone for one’s strength, to break down, Fær. 58, Eg. 473; þykkir ekki ór steini hefja (see hefja), Gísl. 54; ljósta e-n íllum steini, to hit with an evil stone, hit hard, Glúm, (see the verse); steins hljóð, stone-silence, dead silence.
    II. spec, usages, a cell for an anchoret, Fms. x. 373; setjask í stein, Nj. 268, Grett. 162, Trist.; gefa sik í stein, Játv. ch. 8; sitja í helgum steini.
    III. medic. stone, gravel, in the bladder, Pr. 472, Bs. i. 123, 644.
    IV. pr. names; Steini, Steinarr, Steinn, Stein-björn, Stein-finnr, Stein-grímr, Stein-kell ( the stone-font for sacrifices), Stein-ólfr, Stein-móðr, Stein-röðr, Stein-þórr: of women, Stein-unn, Stein-vör: and in the latter part, Hall-steinn, Þór-steinn, Vé-steinn ( the Holy stone for sacrifices), Her-steinn, Há-steinn, Ey-steinn, Út-steinn, Inn-steinn, etc., Landn.: and in local names, Steinar, etc.; Dverga-steinn.
    B. COMPDS, of stone: stein-altari, a stone-altar, Stj.; stein-bogi, q. v.; stein-borg, a stone-castle, Fms. x. 154; stein-garðr, a stone-wall, Str. 6; stein-dyrr, stone-doors, Vsp.; stein-gólf, a stone-floor, Stj., Fms. vi. 440; stein-hjarta, a heart of stone, Mar.; stein-hurð, a stone-hurdle, Fas. iii. 213; stein-hús, a stone-house, Fms. x. 154, v. l.; stein-höll, a stone-hall, 153, Nj. 6 (where it is an anachronism), Hkr. iii. 62; stein-kastali, a stone-castle, Sks. 423, Orkn. 318; stein-ker, a stone-vessel, Stj. 268; stein-ketill, a stone-kettle, Ó. H. 223; stein-kirkja, a stone-church, Fms. vi. 440, ix. 535, x. 409 (11th and 12th centuries), Bs. i. 32 (Kristni S. fine); stein-kjallari, a stone-cellar, B. K. 103; stein-knífr, a stone-knife, Stj. 117, 261; stein-topt, a stone-floor, Str. 70; stein-musteri, a stone-minster, Fms. vii. 100, Orkn. 258; stein-múrr, a stone-wall, Fms. ix. 434, x. 153; stein-nökkvi, a stone-boat, Fas. ii. 231, Bárð. 164 (of a giant in a tale); stein-ofn, a stone-oven, Bs. i. 830 (Laur. S.); stein-ráfr, a stone-roof, Mar.; stein-sker, a rock, Fms. viii. 367, v. l.; stein-smiði, stone work, stone implements, Íb. ch. 6; stein-spjald, a stone-tablet, Sks. 671, Ám. 46; stein-stólpi, a stone-pillar, Fms. i. 137; stein-súla, id., 655 xxviii. 1; stein-tabula, a stone-tablet, Stj. 311; stein-veggr, a stone-wall, Fms. vii. 64; stein-virki, id., Sks. 415; stein-þildr, stone-wainscotted, Str. 75; stein-þró, q. v.; stein-ör, a stone-arrow, Fas. ii. 260.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > STEINN

  • 10 ofan

    adv.
    1) from above, down, downwards;
    falla ofan, to fall down;
    taka ofan húsin, to pull down the house;
    2) on the uppermost part, at the top (klettrinn var víðr ofan);
    3) above the surface of, with gen. (ofan jarðar);
    4) with preps.:
    ofan af, down from (ofan af landi);
    ofan á or ofan, down upon (leggr Refr á hann ofan aptr klæðin, ok þar leggst Álfdís ofan á klæðin);
    besides (á þetta ofan allt gerði hann suðr at oss þrettán skútur);
    þola hverja skömm á aðra ofan, to bear one disgrace after another;
    ofan á or á ofan, to boot, into the bargain, = þar á ofan;
    ofan eptir, down along (reið hann þá ofan eptir dal);
    ofan frá, below (var verkr í enni hœgri kinn ofan frá auganu);
    ofan fyrir, down over (hann féll dauðr ofan fyrir klettinn);
    fyrir ofan, above (arfasáta, er hér stendr fyrir ofan húsin);
    steinveggr var fyrir ofan, above, higher up.
    * * *
    adv., the mod. Faroe dialect has oman, [Goth. obana; A. S. ofan; Germ. oben]:—from above, down, downwards.; falla ofan, to fall down, 623. 24, Eg. 240: taka ofan hús, to pull down, 100; fóru ofan þangat, Nj. 68; hann klauf ofan allan skjöldinn … reist ofan allan fótum, from top to bottom, 246; hann hjó frá ofan höndina, separated, cut off the hand, 160: metaph., telja e-t ofan, to ‘talk down,’ dissuade, Fms. xi. 11; taka ofan, to uncover the head.
    II. with prepp. denoting motion from above; ofan af landi, Eg. 32; ofan af himnum, down from heaven; ofan til skipa, 244; ofan eptir dal, ofan eptir eyrum; hann féll ofan fyrir klettinn, he fell down over the rock, Fær. 31; ofan fyrir bjargið, ganga ofan í fen, to sink, plunge into the fen, Nj. 21; veit þá heldr fyrir ofan, it sloped downwards, Fær. 40.; detta ofan í, to sink down into the mire, of cattle; þeir riðu ofan í Skaptártungu, Nj. 261; ofan í fjöru, ofan í dalinn, ofan í gröfina, etc.; ofan á herðar, mitt læri, ofan á belti, 2; ór himni ofan, down from heaven, Clem. 21; ofan frá merkjá, Eg. 100; hann lét (the garment) falla ofan um sik … sem klæðit hrundi ofan um hann, Orkn. 182; ofan um ís, down through the ice.
    2. without motion; ofan á, upon, Lat. super; stendr hann þar á ofan, Ó. H. 108; liggja ofan á, leggjask ofan á, setja, láta ofan á e-t, etc.; ríða ofan á milli, to sit between the packs of a pack-horse; leggja ofan yfir, to cover over, Fas. i. 377.
    III. the uppermost part; viðr ofan, large at the top, Fær. 29.
    IV. adverbial, á ofan, over and above, to boot, into the bargain, Grett. 94, Fms. ii. 42: á þat ofan, Bs. i. 71; fyrir þat ofan, besides, Grág. i. 428: fyrir ofan, with acc.; fyrir ofan hús, Nj. 199; fyrir ofan kné, 28; fyrir ofan sjó, Fms. iv. 354; steinveggr var fyrir ofan, above, higher up, Orkn. 310; fyrir ofan ok neðan.
    V. with gen. above the surface of; ofan jarðar, above earth, alive; ofan sjóar, afloat.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > ofan

  • 11 rugga

    (að), v. to rock (r. barni).
    * * *
    1.
    að, to rock a cradle, with dat., Fms. iii. 178; r. barni.
    2.
    u, f. a rocking cradle; barn í ruggu.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > rugga

  • 12 SKÓR

    * * *
    (pl. -ar), f.
    1) score, notch, incision;
    2) a rift in a rock or precipice (hleypr hann ofan fyrir skorina).
    * * *
    m., gen. skós, dat. and acc. skó; older plur. skúar, gen. skúa, dat. skóm, acc. skúa; later plur. forms are, skór, skóa, skóm, skó, and so too in mod. usage: [Ulf. skohs = ὑπόδημα; A. S. sceô; Engl. shoe; O. H. G. scuob; Germ’ schuh; Dan.-Swed. sko]:—a shoe; skúa (skuo Ed.) á fótum, Gísl. 113; skúar (skuor), 115; loðnir kálfskinns skúar, Sturl. iii. 199; uppháfir skúar, Fms. vi. 440; uppháfir ok lágir skúar, Rétt. 112; nppháfa svarta skúa, Nj. 184; hann hafði uppháfa skó, bundna at legg, Fms. iv. 76; háfa skúa, Ó. H. 30, l. c.; hann lét skera húð til skóa (gen. pl.) föru-nautum Þorvalds, Bs. i. 669; skylda ek skreyta ok skúa binda hersis kván hverjan morgin, Gkv. 1. 9; hann kippti skóm á fætr sér, Nj. 28; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína … hann batt skó sinn, Eg. 719; skúar, Hom. 85 (twice); gera skó (acc. sing.), stíga í skó, N. G. L. i. 31: referring to the ceremony of adoption, see hemingr.
    2. a horse-shoe; skórnir, skóna, aur-skór, Fb. i. 524; þótt skúarnir hryti undan hestum þeirra, Fms. vii. 95; hest-skór, a horse-shoe. ☞ The proper shoeing of horses was probably unknown to the ancients even of the Saga time; they used to cover the hoof with a kind of low shoe, whence the name; this may be seen from the description in Fms. v. 181, vii. l. c.; as also from words as hóf-gullinn, golden hoof.
    3. the tip of a sheath, as in dögg-skór, q. v.
    II. phrases, hafa slitið barns-skónum, to have worn out one’s bairn’s-shoes = to be past one’s youth; hann slítr ekki mörgum skónum, he will not wear out many shoes, of an old man on the verge of the grave, as in the story of the merman (marmennill, q. v.) and the ‘fey’ man with the bundle of shoes, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 132, compared with the Engl. romance of Merlin, p. 434.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SKÓR

  • 13 BLINDR

    a. blind; blindr báðum augum, blind of both eyes; hann háfði verit blindr borinn, born blind; with gen., blindr ens sauna um e-t, blind as to the truth or reality about a thing; e-m er e-t blint, it is obscure, hidden to one; Einarr lét sér þat blint vera, E. professed ignorance about it.
    * * *
    adj. [Ulf. blinds; A. S. and Engl. blind; O. H. G. plint; Germ. blind; common to all Teut. idioms, whilst Gr. τύφλος and Lat. caecus are of different roots]:—blind; blindr borinn, born blind, Nj. 152, Fms. vi. 389: proverb, misjafnir eru blinds manns bitar: metaph., with gen., mjök er mannfólkit blint ens sauna um forlögin, blind as to the fate, Al. 23: neut. as adv., dark, ekki er þat blint hvers þú eggjar, Fms. iv. 133; Einarr lét sér þat blint vera, i. e. said that he knew nothing about it, viii. 10; Grettir segir at þeim var blint til þess at ætla, a blind matter for them to guess at, Grett. 148 A: a thick storm is called ‘blind-bylr;’ (but the Icel. call thick darkness ‘niða-myrkr,’ Dan. bælgmörke); the Germans call blind what is hidden and cannot be seen; this is rare in Icel., yet blind-sker, a hidden skerry (rock) in the sea; cp. also blindingr.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BLINDR

  • 14 BRESTA

    * * *
    (brest; brast, brustum; brostinn), v.
    1) to burst, to be rent (steinninn brast);
    þá brast í sundr jörðin (the earth burst) undir hesti hans;
    2) to break, snap, with a noise (brast í sundr boginn);
    3) to crash, of the sound alone;
    þá brast strengr, they twanged the bowstring;
    4) to burst forth (skriða brast);
    eldr brestr upp, fire breaks out;
    blóð brestr út, blood bursts out;
    5) to rise, begin; flótti brestr, the ranks break in flight;
    bardagi brestr, the battle breaks out, begins;
    6) impers., e-n brestr e-t, one lacks, falls short of (eigi brestr mik áræði);
    ef oss brestr á borði, if we fall short, get the worst of it;
    þat mun aldri bresta (it will never fail), at.
    * * *
    pret. brast, pl. brustu; part. brostinn; pres. brest, [A. S. berstan, per metath.; Engl. to burst; Germ. bersten; Swed. brista; Dan. briste]:—to burst, be rent; jörðin brast ( the earth burst) undir hesti hans, Nj. 158; steinninn brast, the rock was rent, Bs. i. 5.
    β. to break with a crash; brast þú boginn í tvá hluti, Hkr. i. 342, Gísl. 81; brestr röng, the rib of a barrel creaks, Jb. 398: the hoops of a vessel bresta ( burst), Fs. 132; skulfu lönd, en brustu bönd (of a tub), Jón Þorl.
    2. to crash, of the sound alone; hófarnir brustu í veggjunum, the hoofs dashed against the wall, Grett. 25 new Ed.; hvat brast þar svá hátt, Hkr. i. 342; þá brast strengr á skipi, then twanged the bowstring on the ship, Fms. i. 182; brestandi bogi, the twanging bow, Hm. 84.
    β. to burst forth, of a stream, avalanche, or the like; brestr flóð, of an avalanche, Gísl. 33; skriða brast, id., Fms. v. 250; blóð brestr út, the blood bursts out, from a blow, N. G. L. i. 342.
    γ. a milit. term, flótti brestr, the ranks break in flight, when the host is seized by panic; þá brast flótti í liði Flosa, Nj. 246; er meginflóttinn brast, Fms. viii. 229; brast þá flótti á Vindum, xi. 233; bardagi brestr, the battle bursts out, begins, (rare and as it seems απ. λεγ.), Fas. i. 34.
    δ. b. or b. á, to burst or break out, a storm, gale, cp. Bs. i. 78 (vide however s. v. bera C. IV): b. or b. út, to ebb, but only of the first turning of the tide, Bb. 2. 15; augu b., the eyes break in death, v. auga; hence helbrostið auga.
    II. impers., e-n (acc.) brestr e-t (acc.), one lacks, falls short of; brast Sigríði (acc.) fimm tigi hundraða, Dipl. v. 3; ef oss brestr á borði, if we fall short, get the worst of it, Fms. ix. 507; eigi brestr mik árædi, Fs. 62; á mið þau er aldri mun fisk (Ed. wrongly fiskr) b., Bárð. 169; ef eitt orð (acc.) brysti, Fms. iv. 71; hann vissi þessa sína ætlan brostna ( frustrated), Bs. i. 289; þat mun aldri b., that will never fail, Grett. 24 new Ed.: hamingjuna brestr, Fms. vi. 155 (Ed. hamingjan).

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > BRESTA

  • 15 HAMARR

    (gen. -s, dat. hamri, pl. hamrar), m.
    1) hammer; hann gerði hamar yfir, he made the sign of the hammer over it;
    3) crag, precipice (þar stendr hamarr mikill fyrir þeim); þrítugur hamarr, a crag thirty fathoms high.
    * * *
    m., dat. hamri, pl. hamrar, [A. S. hamor; Engl. hammer; O. H. G. hamar; Germ. and Dan. hammer; Swed. hammare]:—a hammer; h. töng, steði, Edda 9, Vkv. 18, Landn. 212 (in a verse); the thunderbolt was in the northern mythology represented as a hammer,—the hammer Mjölnir, Edda (Sksm.) 15, 26, 28–30, 58, 70, passim, Þkv. passim, Hbl. 47; hann (the idol) var merkðr eptir Þór ok hefir hamar í hendi, Ó. H. 108, O. T. 44; Þrúð-hamarr, the mighty hammer, Ls. 57, 59, 61, 63: the hammer was the holy sign with the heathens, answering to the cross of the Christians, hann görði hamar yfir, he made the sign of the hammer over it, Fms. i. 35; Þórr tók hamarinn Mjölni ok brá upp ok vígði hafr-stökurnar, Edda 28, cp. also Þkv. 30, where the bride and bridegroom were to be marked with the holy sign; hence Þórs-hamarr = the character RUNE which occurs on a few of the earliest heathen Runic stones (e. g. Thorsen, pp. 17, 329), cp. also Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 446; this RUNE is evidently an imitation of the thunderbolt.
    β. the back of an axe, Eg. 769.
    COMPDS: hamargangr, hamarshögg, hamarsmuðr, hamarskalli, hamarskapt, hamarspor.
    II. metaph. a hammer-shaped crag, a crag standing out like an anvil; þar stendr hamarr mikill fyrir þeim, Bs. i. 601; þeir leggja skip sín millum hamra tveggja, Grett. 83, Fas. iii. 257; þrítugr, fertugr … hamarr, a crag thirty, forty … fathoms high, i. 159: so in the saying, kljúfa þrítugan hamarinn til e-s, to split a thirty fathoms’ rock, to make great efforts, to make Herculean efforts in a thing, metaph. from cutting roads through rocks: in pl. hamrar, crags; fluga-hamrar, sjávar-hamrar, sea-crags; ogres were believed to live in crags, hence the phrase, sem genginn út úr hömrum, i. e. looking as wild as a crag-ogre, svá ílliligr sem genginn sé út ór sjávar-hömrum, Nj. 182.
    COMPDS: ( hamar- and hamra-), hamar-tröll, n. a crag-ogre, Grett. (in a verse). hamar-dalr, m. a ravine, Karl. 292. hamar-gnípa, u, f. the peak of a crag, Stj. 134, Fms. v. 323, Þorf. Karl. 414. hamar-klettr, m. a crag (isolated), Fms. ii. 92, Nj. 264, v. l. hamar-klif, n. a craggy cliff, Gísl. 137. hamar-rifa, u, f. a rift in a crag, Fb. iii. 447. hamar-skarð and hamra-skarð, n. a scaur, cleft or ravine, Grett. 132, Gísl. 51, Grág. i. 17. hamar-skúti, a, m. a jutting crag, Nj. 264; gjá-h., q. v.: esp. freq. in local names in Icel. and Norway, Hamarr, Hamrar, Hamra-endar, Hamars-á: in compds, Smá-hamrar, Ein-hamarr, a single crag, Gísl., etc., vide Landn., Fms. xii, Fb. iii.
    2. a kind of mark on sheeps’ ears, prob. of heathen origin, denoting the holy mark of the hammer of Thor: cutting the top of the ear thus UNCERTAIN is called hamar, whence hamar-skora, u, f. a cleft hamar UNCERTAIN; cp. the ditty of Stef. Ól., Hamarinn mér í greipar gékk | það gæfu-markið fína, and hamar-skoru og gloppu-gat | görðu í hægra eyra.
    3. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.): prop. a false reading for humarr (q. v.), a lobster.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > HAMARR

  • 16 HRAPA

    (að), v.
    1) to hurl, with dat. (h. e-m til helvítis);
    2) to hurry on, hasten (h. ferð sinni);
    3) to rush on, hurry (h. á fund e-s); h. til dauðans: banans, to rush headlong to destruction;
    4) to fall, tumble down (hrapaði hann niðr í fjöruna).
    * * *
    að, to fall, tumble down, Fs. 70, Ann. 1339, Th. 76, Al. 76: to fall into an abyss, down a precipice, hröpuðu þeir af hæðinni, Landn. 147; h. til helvítis, Hom. 87; eg sá Satan svo sem eldingu h. af himni, Luke x. 18; hann hrapar í pyttinn, Fs. 158; h. ofan, Al. 146; hrapaði hann niðr í fjöruna, Fms. viii. 75; hann er að h. klett af klett, a ditty: of a shooting star, stjörnur munu af himnum h., Matth. xxiv. 29, (stjörnu-hrap.)
    β. to fall in ruin; hvort hús mun yfir annat h., Luke xi. 17, xiii. 4; but not usual, ‘hrynja’ being used of a house, wall, tower, rock which falls; hrapa of a man who falls from them.
    II. to rush headlong, hurry; hrapa á fund e-s, Fms. i. 303; er þú hrapar svá til banans, vi. 115: h. í e-t, to rush into, H. E. i. 469; h. at e-u, to hurry on a thing, Fs. 41; ef maðr hrapar svá at grepti at kviðr berr at önd sé í brjósti, K. Þ. K. 26: with dat., eigi skulu þér h. því svá, Ölk. 36; hitt mundi mitt ráð at h. eigi ferðinni, Eg. 577, Fms. v. 43; ok hrapaðir þeim svá til helvítis, vii. 123.

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  • 17 KEYRA

    * * *
    (-ða, -ðr), v.
    1) to whip, lash, prick on (hann keyrði þá hest sinn); keyra hest sporum, to put spurs to a horse;
    2) to ride (keyrir síðan sem harðast til sinna manna);
    3) to fling (S. bregðr honum á loft ok keyrir hann út á Rangá); keyra e-n útbyrðis, to fling overboard;
    4) to drive, thrust (keyra nagla, keyra sverð í höfuð e-m); Jórunn tók sokkana ok keyrði um höfuð henni, J. struck her about the head with the stockings;
    5) impers., e-n keyrir, one is driven, tossed, by the wind, waves (fundu þeir eigi fyrr en þá keyrði á land upp); e-t keyrir ór hófi, it exceeds all measure.
    * * *
    ð, [Dan. kjöre], to whip, lash, prick on; hann keyrði þá hest sinn, Nj. 55; villt þú at ek keyra hest þinn? 91; k. hest sporum, Edda 38; k. jóa oddum, Hkv. 2. 38; ok hörðum mik höggum keyrði, Gkv. 1; látið þá keyra upp (whip up, raise) fólkit, Fms. vii. 182; hann hafði svipu í hendi ok keyrði hana, Sd. 185; hann stígr á stafinn ok keyrir sem börn eru vön at göra, Fms. iii. 176.
    2. to drive, ride; keyrir siðan sem harðest til sinna manna, Karl. 241; keyra plóg, to drive a plough, Rm. 10.
    II. to drive; höggit ok leggit til þeirra ok keyrit þá í brott héðan, Nj. 247.
    2. to fling; þá greip bæjar-maðrinn Kjartan, ok keyrði í kaf, Fms. ii. 28; bregðr honum á lopt ok keyrir hann út á Rangá, Nj. 108; keyra e-n útbyrðis, to fling overboard, Fms. vi. 16: Grímr greip upp Þórð ok keyrir niðr svá hart, at hann lamdisk allr, Eg. 192.
    3. to drive, thrust, of a weapon; hann keyrði til spörðu, Ó. H. 95; hann skal taka kníf þann ok keyra í gegnum hönd þess er lagði, Gþl. 165; keyra nagla, to drive a nail, Líkn. 16; prestr keyrði hæl á bjarginu ( drove a peg into the rock) ok bar á grjót, Grett. 141 A; k. sverð í höfuð e-m, Gísl. 51; fundu þeir reyði nýdauða, keyrðu í festar ( forced ropes through it) ok sigldu með, Glúm. 391; eða ek keyri öxina í höfuð þér ok klýf þik í herðar niðr, Nj. 185; Jórunn tók sokkana ok keyrði um höfuð henni, J. struck her about the head, Ld. 36.
    III. impers. it drives one, i. e. one is driven, tossed by the wind, waves; lýstr vindinum í holit verplanna, ok keyrir (þá) út at virkinu, Fms. xi. 34; veðr stóð at landi, keyrir þar at skipit (acc.), Finnb. 242; keyrir skipit vestr fyrir Skálmarnes, Ld. 142; fundu þeir eigi fyrr en þá keyrði á land upp, Nj. 267: the phrase, e-ð keyrir úr hófi, it exceeds all measure, Fb. i. 417; veðrit keyrði úr hófi, it blew a violent gale: part., hreggi keyrðr, storm-beaten, Jd. 32; þjósti keyrðr, driven by anger, Glúm. (in a verse).

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > KEYRA

  • 18 RASKA

    (að), v.
    1) to disturb, disarrange (þótti henni heldr raskat um hýbýli sín);
    2) to violate, encroach upon (hann hegndi hart allt þat er guðs rétti var raskat).
    * * *
    að, to rock, displace, dislodge, with dat.; ek raskaði honum eigi, 655 viii. 2; verði engi svá djarfr at raski því leiði sem hann liggr, Stj. 650; lét hann mikla refsing eiga fyrir at koma er konunga-eign var raskat, Fms. vii. 129; ef Guðs rétti var raskat, iv. 111; eigi trevstusk menn at raska kosti þeirra, people dared not disturb them, Ld. 146; eigi raskar þat kirkju-vígslunni, K. Á. 28; raski engi föstu-tíð dróttins-dags haldi, Hom. (St.); meðan steinunum er úraskat í altarinu, N. G. L. i. 133; rangliga raskat, Bs. i. 392.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > RASKA

  • 19 riðlask

    að, dep. [Engl. reel], to rock, waver, reel to and fro, of ranks in battle; riðlaðisk fylkingin ok losnaði öll, Eg. 298, Al. 37; flokkar tóku at riðlask ( began to move), ok upp vóru sett merki fyrir höfðingjum, Fms. ii. 309; riðluðusk þá förunautar hans frá honum, his followers dropped away, slunk away, Orkn. 457; en þegar er los kom í liðit, … til þess er allt riðlaðisk í smá flokka, Ó. H. 122; hann lét riðlask vínberin … með riðluðum vínviðum af vínberjum ok allskyns aldini, the vine clustered with grapes and fruit, Ó. T. 39.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > riðlask

  • 20 SKRATTI

    * * *
    older form skrati, as seen from rhymes, l atr skr ati; [akin to Swed. skratta = to laugh loud and harshly; Dan. skrade = crepare]:—a wizard, warlock; sú segir spár sínar sem völfur ok skrattar forðum, Blanda; seið-skratti (q. v.), a wizard who works charms; the Swed. skratta refers to the strange noises with which the enchanter works (seið-læti); skratta-sker, the name of a rock on which wizards were exposed to die, Fms. ii. 142; hann síðdi þar ok var kallaðr skratti, x. 378.
    2. a goblin, monster; in vatna-skratti, a water-sprite, sea-monster, see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 138, provinc. in the south of Icel. for sjó-skrímsli: a giant, ogre, Edda (Gl.); in mod. usage a devil, imp, skrattinn fór at skapa mann, a ditty; skratta-atgangr, Fas. ii. 519; skrattans- so and so, in oaths; karl-skratti, an evil churl, Háv. 38 new Ed.; kvenn-skratti, a hag, fury. skratt-hanki, a nickname, Fms. viii.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > SKRATTI

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